“You have builder’s back,” said the acupuncturist to my professional cleaner friend in his delightful Chinese accent. “Woman not supposed to have builder’s back.” Yes, indeed, my friend’s back is living proof that housework can be physically demanding and a terrifically good workout – and is anything but a sedentary job if you do it full time.
One of the things that my domestic cleaner friend puts her impressive lats and delts down to is moving heavy furniture to clean under them. Because while many people think that out of sight is out of mind, dust still builds up on carpets and can cause asthma if not dealt with promptly. And occasionally, worse things accumulate under the bed, especially if you have a cat that has been accidentally shut in the house with no litter box inside.
If the item of furniture is not too heavy, all you have to do is to make sure that anything stored under the bed or whatever is moved out of the way. Then you have to pull the single bed or sofa out from the wall before you set to and clean the carpet with a vacuum cleaner, or remove the cat mess in the usual way with the help of loo paper (to scoop up the solid mess), a scrubbing brush and warm soapy water (to remove any stuck on mess and to kill bacteria; soap is a mild disinfectant, after all, as well as the fundamental cleaning product) and baking soda (to remove the smell so the cat doesn’t get the idea that beneath the bed is a litter tray). Don’t bend your back over too much while trying to shove furniture around (unless you have what that acupuncturist calls “builder’s back”) but bend your knees. Enlist help if you need it.
However, sometimes it’s not as simple as that. Even my cleaning friend says that some beds are beyond her strength – bunk beds and massive oaken king-size beds being the two examples she groaned about. So how does the professional house cleaner deal with this?
To vacuum under a big bed, the first step is to make sure that all is clear. Big beds often have a lot of storage space beneath them (if you are in need of extra storage space, take note!) and this will need to be removed before you can vacuum the carpet. If you can’t quite reach under, then use a rake to pull the stuff out – but make sure you clean any mud and other debris off the rake, or you will make a worse mess than you started with. After everything is clear, you can vacuum under the bed by reaching in to the difficult corners with the extension tube on the vacuum cleaner (now you know why they were invented) pulled out to the maximum. You will probably need to get down on your knees and peer under the bed to do this properly.
To deal with cat crap under the bed, things are trickier still. You could crawl under the bed and deal with the mess while lying on your front, but most of us would rather not have our noses four inches away from animal faeces – and cat poop seems to smell worse than any other kind thanks to the high amount of protein they eat. It is probably easier to remove the mattress from the bed and approach matters from above. If you can’t do that with the type of bed you have AND you can’t crawl underneath, the only course of action is to call in some help for shifting the bed. Don’t put your back out.
If your bed is big and has drawers underneath, then you can probably get away with not vacuuming underneath it – the dust isn’t going to come up through a solid drawer, what’s in the drawer, a wooden base and a mattress very easily – until the time comes for the end of tenancy cleaning or you want to rearrange the room.
If you are using a window cleaning company to have your home or office cleaned regularly, you are probably thinking that since this is something that the cleaning company will be doing anyway, there’s no need for you to bother about this. Please don’t jump to conclusions and read on.
Blinds reflect the condition of your home or office both internally and externally. A person looking at your windows from outside and seeing dirty blinds will jump to conclusions about the state of the interior and a person seeing dirty blinds inside will focus on that and not on the rest of the room, no matter how clean it may be.
The problem with blinds, especially in a place like London, is that open windows and pollution often wreak havoc upon them. It may at times be necessary to clean the blinds before the visit of a London cleaning company is due.
Here are a few tips on how to go about it with the minimum of effort. These apply to all blind materials Ð wood, vinyl, fabric or aluminum.
Start by vacuuming the blinds using a brush attachment. If need be wash the brush before use so it does not leave more dirt than it removes. Always move the vacuum cleaner nozzle in an up to down movement because doing it upwards could cause the blinds to un- hooked at the top.
Once the vacuuming is done, use a clean lamb’s wool or feather duster on the slats, once again using an up to down movement. If after this you see some stains or spots on the slats, use an all purpose cleaner to remove them. Never spray or apply the cleaning product directly to the slats. Dampen a cloth and rub the stain the remove it. If the stain does not come off, leave it alone and either wait for the cleaning company next visit or get a professional blind cleaning service to do the job for you. Many London window cleaning companies will offer blinds cleaning as a part of their services portfolio.
Please note that blinds should never be soaked as this will lead to the loss of the fire retardant and grime repellant chemicals they are coated with. Fabric blinds may also shrink. Also never wipe blinds with hot water as this may cause fabric colours to run.
For fabric and vinyl blinds use a dry sponge to scrub away stubborn dust and grime. Be careful not to rub too hard or you could damage the surface finish of the slats.
The market is flooded with hundreds and thousands of solutions cleaning products. However people are always on the lookout for effective solutions for cleaning. You can use the traditional or conventional products, but some of these may be harmful to the skin and general health due to their semi-poisonous fumes and harmful chemicals. Today, there has been a significant shift from the conventional products to natural and biodegradable cleaning products. The biodegradable products are safe to use and environment friendly and have many advantages. You can use many natural cleaning solutions like lemon juice, vinegar, mineral oils, pine oils, vegetable extracts, fruit extracts and so on which are safe and less expensive than the other products.
Daily Cleaning: All people would love to stay in sparkling clean houses. One has to take due care on a regular basis to keep one’s house neat and tidy. If one plans out a daily and regular cleaning schedule, then the task is simplified to a great extent and one will be able to achieve it easily as well. You can work out a time table for a daily, weekly and monthly task. In this way, you will not be overloaded with work at one time. Kitchen cleaning and bathroom cleaning can be done on a daily basis. You can do the vacuum cleaning and dusting on a weekly basis. The curtains and furnishings can be washed once every two months and so on.
Cleaning Products Solutions: The consumers can choose from a wide range of cleaning products solutions based on their requirements. The various types of cleaning liquids available are liquid detergents, detergent boosters, delicate fabric wash liquids, hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent, detergent neutralizer, fabric softener, machine ware washing liquid detergent, liquid rinse aid, silver ware detarnisher, lime scale remover, grease cutter, surface sanitizer, shower sprays, antibacterial liquid hand soap wash, floor cleaner, bathroom cleaner, odorisers, glass cleaning solutions, carpet cleaners and so on. There are some specialty products also like floor polish, wooden surface polish, metal polish water based and solvent based stain removers.
Different Brands for Solutions Cleaning Products: There are many brands in the market for solutions of cleaning products. They include Stanley Home Care Products of the Fuller Brush Company, CleanAir America, Blue Wonder, American Cleaning Solutions and Clean Solutions and so on. You can get extremely valuable resources online as well for the purpose of cleaning solutions.
In the fast moving and jet setting world of toady, life has become very busy and not much time is left for tasks like house cleaning. Both the partners are busy with their respective careers and have little time for cleaning up of the house. In USA, professional home cleaning solutions are offered by US House Cleaning Services. Home Cleaning is a booming business in the USA.
Natural Solutions for Cleaning Products: Natural solutions used in cleaning products are getting popular by the day as they are efficient, effective, cheap and biodegradable. They have many health benefits and reduce the chemical pollution to a great extent. You can make home based cleaning products by using various natural ingredients like baking soda, borax, white vinegar, washing soda, isopropyl alcohol and so on.
If you have never used a dishwasher before, they seem like magic. They hide all those nasty, dirty plates away out of sight so your house looks instantly cleaner like you had a professional domestic cleaner around and so that flies (and badly behaved cats) aren’t attracted to the scraps left on the crockery and spread disease. And they save you about twenty minutes or more a day by getting your dishes spotlessly clean for you. And, according to one study, they do a better job of getting things clean (even if you’re hyper-meticulous) so you’ll have a healthier home.
On the flip side, a dishwasher does require strong alkaline powder to work (although see below for some alternatives), and they use a bit more electricity and possibly more hot water, which may put a bit more on your power bill. And if you’ve never used one before, they can be a bit daunting and confusing. Even the instruction books that come with them may not be super-helpful, although you can get an idea of how to load them from the books.
* Check all items before you pop them in the dishwasher. Some things may not be dishwasher suitable, and others may say “top rack only”. Follow these instructions, or you will end up with a mess of melted plastic and/or warped kitchenware.
* It’s probably not the best idea to wash massive saucepans in a dishwasher, as they take up too much space.
* The most economically efficient way to run a dishwasher is to only run full loads and to use a lower temperature setting, if you can. This also applies to washing machines.
* Don’t expect miracles. You should scrape and rinse excess of plates and saucepans first. Really dirty pots and pans with burnt on bits should be soaked overnight, scraped and rinsed before going into the dishwasher. This will also mean that you can avoid using the heavy duty cycle on your dishwasher, which helps conserve power. After all, if only one pot needs heavy duty treatment, why do you need to wash the knives and cups on heavy duty as well? As a hint, a tiny dash (half a teaspoon) of dishwasher powder does wonders for burnt on bits when added to the soaking water overnight. You only need to use cold soaking water.
* You can make your own dishwasher powder that is an environmentally friendly cleaning product and uses fewer toxins. Mix borax and baking soda, then use white vinegar for the rinse cycle. It may not get everything quite as sparkling, but it will get things clean and sterile – it’s the water that does most of the work, after all.
* If you stick with conventional powder, you will release fewer toxins into your environment if you let the dishwasher cool down before you open it to unload. This avoids the cloud of alkaline-laden steam being released into your face when you open it.
* Store conventional dishwasher powder out of reach of children, as it is really dangerous – more so than the liquid used for washing dishes by hand.
* You can cut costs and chemicals by not using the rinse aid. All this does is to put a bit of extra sparkle on your glasses. If you skip it, everything will still be clean and hygienic.
Carpet cleaning can be something of a nemesis. If you’re renting, you can bet your bottom dollar that you’re going to have to clean that carpet – possibly by hiring a professional cleaner or by getting in one of those steam cleaning machines – when you do the final tidy up before moving house. And if you’re not renting, well, you probably want to keep your carpets in good nick because the house is YOURS and you can’t blame anyone else for grotty threadbare carpets. Anyway, carpets can be a pain to clean, no matter where you live, mostly because they continually have feet marching all over them and those soft, fluffy fibres trap dirt.
You could, of course, do without a carpet and leave some areas in your house with polished wooden boards warmed up by the occasional mat. However, you will find that this allows more dust to fly around the place and you will need to wield the duster that little bit more often.
Tips for cleaning carpets and keeping them clean:
* Provide decent doormats that actually scrape bits of stray mud off at both your front and back doors and stop a lot of the dirt getting inside in the first place.
* Encourage children (and other family members) to have “outdoor shoes” that never come inside. Have a place for folk to change into and out of these shoes near the door, and allow for plenty of space to store Wellington boots, rugby boots, gardening clogs, etc.
* Take a tip from Asian culture and remove all shoes at the door. This is becoming more and more common. Going barefoot on carpet is a sensual delight, and if it’s chilly, wear thick socks or a good pair of slippers to keep your toes from freezing.
* Vacuum frequently – weekly is the bare minimum.
* Treat all spills, stains and smears as soon as possible after they occur to stop the dirt “setting” into the fibres of your carpet. In many cases, you don’t need a fancy carpet cleaning products – flooding the spot with fresh water (but make sure that the stain doesn’t spread everywhere, which it will if you use too much) followed by blotting with a thick towel.
* Really nasty patches of dirt can be cleaned using natural cleaning methods. The very best is… warm soapy water. Don’t use hot water – you may have a bit of protein-based material in the ick that you’re trying to clean, and hot water will set this stain in. Use a medium-stiff scrubbing brush (harder than a toothbrush but softer than what you’d use for scrubbing a tile floor – if you have a brush you use for scrubbing clothes, use that). Make the soapy water foam – this lifts the dirt up and away.
* While soapy water is good for cleaning carpets, don’t use too much and get the carpet absolutely flooded. Too much water will take ages to dry, and while the water’s down there, it will attract more dirt and make a happy home for mildew. The best way to apply the warm soapy water (or any other carpet-cleaning product, home made or otherwise) is to dab a scrubbing brush into a bowl or bucket of the liquid, then letting the excess drip off before scrubbing the surface of the patch to be cleaned.
* It’s best to hire a cleaning machine from a professional company for cleaning large areas of carpet. These days, you’d be mad if you tried cleaning a whole room of wall-to-wall carpet by hand with a scrubbing brush. Honestly, you have better ways of spending your time!
* Some experts recommend using a broom to sweep over the area of carpet to be cleaned to lift the pile of the carpet and allow the trapped dirt out. You can get a similar effect by using your scrubbing brush dry on the spot before applying the warm soapy water. But use the broom for a once-over if you are cleaning the whole carpet with a steam cleaning machine.
This article assumes two things: firstly, that you are lucky enough to have your own library (or at least a room dedicated to books) and, secondly, that you do not have a housemaid at your beck and call whose responsibility is to clean everything, including the library. Or else, you are the housemaid or some other professional cleaner.
Actually, a library can be cleaned pretty much like any other room. The only thing you really have to be careful of is not to use too much water – books do not like damp. Here’s how to clean a library:
1. Start at the top. If the library has been visited by bookworms who are only interested in what’s on the shelves, the chances are that the odd dark corner has a resident spider. Or, what’s worse, an ex-resident spider that has left behind a tattered web that’s full of dust and dead flies. Your method for removing the spiderweb is the same in both cases: wrap a clean, dry duster, soft cloth or tea towel around the head of a broom and swipe at the cobweb. Remove the duster, soft cloth, etc. from the broom before continuing. If you need to remove the spider, killing it is not necessary. The spider possibly does a good job of reducing flies. Scoop the spider onto a sheet of paper or a dustpan and carry it out to continue its good work elsewhere.
2. Start dusting. This is the biggest job of cleaning a library. You will need a small army of dusters and a small bucket of warm water (with or without soap – the water is all you need. You can add some essential oil to the water if you like). Be absolutely sure to squeeze out as much excess water from the duster as possible; you only need enough water to catch the dust. Begin by dusting the top of the shelf, if this exists. This is likely to be the grubbiest, as less thorough people will have given it the “out of sight; out of mind” treatment. You will need to rinse out your duster several times, and change both the duster and the water before you finish here. The main shelves come next. For everyday cleaning (i.e. domestic cleaning), it’s enough to give the front of the shelf a quick once-over, followed by pulling the spines of the books forward to the edge of the shelf. For a more thorough spring clean, take the books right off the shelves, give the shelf a good wipe, then replace the books, pulling them up neatly as before.
3. Tables in libraries often get covered with accidental (or deliberate) bits of pencil and pen. To remove pencil from a desk, use an ordinary rubber to start you off, then follow this with by rubbing it with good old warm, soapy water. To remove biro from a desk, spray the marks with dilute vinegar or dilute vodka then rub well. If some unmentionable boor has scribbled on a desk with permanent marker, you can remove it by sponging at it with undiluted vodka, rubbing alcohol or methylated spirits.
4. Check the rubbish bins and empty them as appropriate. You will often find recyclables such as paper, so make sure these get into the proper place for disposal.
5. Lastly, do the vacuuming.
6. Cats sometimes sneak into deserted libraries and pee. If you come across cat pee, sponge up as much as possible with an old towel. Then dip a medium-hard scrubbing brush in warm water and rub a little soap onto the bristles. Scrub the spot, making a lather. Rinse the scrubbing brush and re-scrub. Then sponge off the foam. Sprinkle the spot with baking soda to absorb smells. Once the baking soda has dried, vacuum it up.
All homes need some basic rules to make sure that everything runs smoothly and (ideally) so that one person doesn’t end up doing more than their fair share of the work. Not all homes have the rules written down, but judging by the amount of quarrels about who does what (or who hasn’t done what), writing them down wouldn’t hurt. Here’s a sample:
* If you’re not actually watching the TV/listening to the radio, switch it off at the wall. Standby still uses electricity.
* Turn off the light if you’re the last one to leave the room.
* If you spilled it, dropped the crumbs, smeared it, etc., you clean it up, preferably as soon as possible, because things get harder to clean if you leave them for when your regular cleaner.comes for the .
* If you want it washed, put it in the laundry basket.
* Rinse your plates, knives and cups before putting them in the dishwasher.
* Make your bed as soon as you get out of it – or strip the sheets off ready for washing, if needed. You have the option of getting dressed first.
* Only fill the kettle as much as you need if you’re going to boil it, but make sure that the element is covered (which probably means that you’ll have enough hot water for two people, so why not see who else wants a drink while you’re at it?).
* Turn the element off once you’ve finished cooking. No exceptions – the oven is not a form of home heating.
* Take your shoes off at the door – this avoids tracking mud and extra bits through the house. And put them on the shoe rack, if you have one, rather than leaving them scattered all around the doorstep for the next person to trip over.
* Put things away rather than just down in a corner. Otherwise, you’ll waste quite a few minutes a day looking for things that weren’t put away properly.
* Don’t throw food scraps in the rubbish bin – put them in the compost bin or in the doggy bowl.
* Don’t stand there with the fridge door wide open considering what you might like to eat. Think about what you want before you open the door.
* If you use the last of something, write it down on the list, or at least let the person in charge of doing the groceries know.
* If you used the last bit of toilet paper, put a new roll on.
* Rinse out tins, stick the lid inside them and crush them before putting them into the recycling bin.
* Take jelly beans, bits of paper and coins out of your pockets before putting them into the wash. Removing underpants from inside trousers is also a nice touch.
* Wash your hands before eating, preparing food, after handling animals, after going to the toilet, after handling noxious substances and after doing dirty jobs like gardening and house cleaning.
* If you’re just scribbling down a list or doodling, don’t use the good paper – use the GOOS (good on one side) paper.
* Don’t run the tap while you’re doing your teeth.
So you had a wild New Year party. Now that your head is back to normal and you have finished writing the resolution that you will never, never do that again, it’s time to survey the debris and damage and get everything tidied up again. Even if you didn’t get pixilated enough to get hung over, you still may be faced with a lot of cleaning to do.
The easiest solution is to hire a professional cleaner to do the job for you. However, if you would rather do it yourself, you may need a little help.
Cigarette smoke: Why didn’t you send the smokers outside? Cigarette smoke takes ages to get out of fabric, curtains, wallpaper, etc. Your best bet here is to open all the windows and to use essential oil dispersers to cover the smell. Vacuuming and carpet cleaning can also help to remove any stray traces of ash. Any stray cigarette butts should be picked up by hand (not with the vacuum cleaner) and disposed of in the compost heap. Alternatively, boil the butts up and use the resulting liquid, once strained, as an organic pesticide.
Spilt wine: If you’ve only just discovered an old stain, bad luck. Your job will be harder, as you’re supposed to get onto spilt red wine as soon as possible. You can try your best to clean your carpet by sloshing the stain with white wine and letting it soak into the existing stain before blotting up as much as you can. If this doesn’t work, you may have to get your carpet steam-cleaned, or else try scrubbing the stain with warm soapy water, followed by rinsing, until the stain goes.
Vomit: Oh, dear, dear, dear! If you or your guests are likely to get into this state, then strategically placed buckets will make things easier. Your first job will be to get rid of as much solid yuck as you can. Do this by scraping it up with an old towel and/or a dustpan. Do not use the vacuum cleaner. Now get out the warm soapy water and get down on your hands and knees to scrub up the rest of the mess. Follow this by rinsing, then repeat the process until you can’t see any more. Finally, sprinkle the spot with baking soda to absorb any lingering smells and vacuum this up once dry. Use the same process if an over-excited animal of any species had an accident on the carpet.
Other debris: Get out three large containers, one for recyclables, one for compostables and one for other rubbish. Switch on some music, a radio show or a talking book, and start at one end and work towards the other, putting the rubbish into the appropriate containers. Next, find items that have lost their way home and return them to their proper places, which may include phoning a friend or three to tell them that they left something behind. Finish by vacuuming up the remaining crumbs and fiddly little bits of paper streamer.
As the foul winter weather slowly clears up and allows you to put your nose out of doors for more than five minutes, it may be time to think about tidying up your garden. One of the attractions of that house when you moved into it was its “indoor/outdoor flow” or “spacious section”. Now you have to clean the outside as well as clean the inside.
For this cleaning job, you will not be using the professional maid tools such as mop, duster and vacuum cleaner. The tools are much bigger: loppers, hedge trimmers, lawn-mowers (not that you’ll use them much in winter) and chainsaws (and probably lots more). You won’t have as much need for specialised cleaning product, at least not at this time of the year.
For garden cleaning in winter, you probably won’t need to deal with things like lawns and weeds – these don’t grow so much at this time of year. This is, however, the best time of year to tidy things by pruning.
Nature may have already done a bit of pruning for you if you have large trees and sent a few large branches down. It’s best not to wait for this to happen, as branches can do a lot of damage if they fall down and you will be left with an even bigger clean-up job. Keep an eye out for branches that look under strain, dead, dying or overhanging your garage roof and get rid of them. If you can reach them easily enough, have a go yourself with a chainsaw and/or loppers. If you’re the slightest bit unsure, it may be time to call in a “professional cleaner” for trees, aka a gardener or tree surgeon. If you can, chop up, dry and store the wood from the fallen branches to heat your home next winter – or try your hand at wood turning.
Hedges are an easier proposition than trees to prune and trim. Even if you’re not into manicured hedges or topiary, hedges will need regular trimming.
This is best done with properly hedge-trimmers – it’s a lot harder to do with shears, although not impossible. Shears are better for a smaller box or privet hedge that has been regularly maintained – they are no good at all for a thick cypress hedge with fat branches. Simply cut the hedge smoothly to the shape you want it.
Also prune roses at this time of year. Pruning roses is easier than you think. Roses are very tough and forgiving, so short of cutting them off an inch above the ground, it’s hard to make a mistake. Get a good sharp pair of secateurs for this job. Start by cutting off all dead branches. Then cut off all the branches that aren’t pointing where you want them to. Lastly, trim down the branches you want to sprout new growth – leave about three growth buds (they look like potato eyes) on the branch in question.
If you want to tidy your garden by moving or planting new plants, this is also an idea time of year to do it. If you are transplanting shrubs, don’t attempt it with anything too large, as you will have trouble getting up all the roots. But for smaller shrubs such as daphne, rosemary or roses (again), all you need to do is first dig a large hole where you want to put the shrub. Put some blood and bone down the bottom. Then carefully dig up the shrub you want to move, taking as much root and as much dirt around the root as possible. Then transfer the shrub – roots, dirt and all – into the hole where it’s going to do. Put in as much dirt as you need to fill the hole to the top, then water it (unless the ground’s really soggy, in which case you should not have been working the soil – too late now!).
1. If you have small children, you have to be sure that you kill every single germ in the house so your children don’t get sick or pick up infections. Myth or fact?
Half true, half myth. While it is important to teach our children about basic hygiene and to make sure that they don’t go playing in the cat litter (which you probably shouldn’t have lying around if you have small children, as they will play in it if they get half a chance), but you don’t need to get absolutely everything they come in contact with 100% sterile. In fact, if you try to do this, you will be putting your children at a higher risk of developing asthma, etc. as their developing immune systems need something to go to work on. Your best bet is to clean things as normal and to teach them about washing hands before meals and after going to the toilet.
2. You need a separate cleaner for every different type of job in your house – e.g. a glass cleaner, a wood cleaner, a floor cleaner, a bathroom cleaner, etc. Myth or fact?
Myth. Having all these different “specialised” labels on the bottles you see on the supermarket shelves is just a way for manufacturers to put more things on the shelves and increase their exposure. In reality, a box of baking soda, a bottle of vinegar, plenty of rags, a scrubbing brush and water is all you need for the majority of jobs.
3. All natural cleaners are 100% safe and non-toxic. Myth or fact?
Myth. Natural cleaners often contain essential oils, which should not be taken internally. Nor should isopropyl alcohol, which often is used as a disinfectant, a glass cleaner and as a stain remover for grass stains (whether you take vodka or other strong spirits internally is up to you). Boiling water is another natural cleaner that is a superb germ-killer that does not contain any harsh chemicals but can hardly be called “safe” – it can give you a nasty burn. The same goes for steam. Some people are also allergic to some essential oils (e.g. citrus). But natural cleaners will not give off toxic fumes. And many of them are edible: baking soda, lemon juice, vinegar, water and salt.
4. Coca-cola can be used as a cleaning product. Myth or fact?
Fact – I think. While this writer has not put the idea to the test with much success, it is said that pouring a whole big bottle of Coke down the lav and leaving it overnight will get rid of stains inside the pan. The reason why this may not have worked for me is because (a) I hardly ever buy Coke, and when I do, it’s the diet version, which may not work as well; (b) someone always uses the toilet overnight and flushes the lot down, (c) the toilet that I was trying to clean had been horribly neglected and the stains were next to impossible to shift. Perhaps you’ll have better luck, but I’ll stick to my trusty loo-brush wielded weekly.
5. It’s best to leave the cleaning for one big session where you deep clean. Myth or fact?
Definitely a myth. Little and often is much better and much easier, and may even prevent the need to deep clean much at all.
